Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tayyeb Shabbir
Author-X-Name-First: Tayyeb
Author-X-Name-Last: Shabbir
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Sheepskin Effects in the Returns to Education in a Developing Country
Abstract: This paper tests for the sheepskin or diploma effects in the rates of return to education in a developing country, Pakistan; presumably the only study for the country that explicitly investigates this important question. One reason for this paucity of work may have been lack of appropriate data on an individual's educational status.
The Mincerian log-linear specification of the earnings function is generalized to allow for the possibility that the returns to education increase discontinuously for the years when diplomas/degrees are awarded. This provision is made in three different ways, i.e., by (a) introducing dummy variables for diploma years, (b) by specifying a discontinuous spline function, and (c) by specifying a step function. Empirical evidence based on a nationally representative sample of male earners shows that substantial and statistically significant ' sheepskin effects exist at four important certification levels in Pakistan, namely, Matric, Intermediate, Bachelor's, and Master's. This finding is consistent with the screening rather than the convential human capital view of the role of education. However, it should be noted that while diplomas seem to matter, it is not true that only diplomas matter, since even after controlling for diploma years the schooling coefficient, albeit smaller than before, is still substantial. Again, regarding the diploma effects, another interesting finding is that such effects are not significant in case of the Primary and the Middle levels of schooling.
In terms of the policy implications, it follows that, in the case of Pakistan, education is an important and significant influence on the individual earnings. However, to the extent that the diploma effects are significant, the potential for education as a source of enhancing worker productivity is lessened, thus reducing the scope of an activist public policy in this regard. This is particularly true for the Secondary levels of education. In fact, the findings support a reallocation of the available public funds away from the tertiary/higher education and towards the basic education, where the productivity enhancing human capital effects are relatively more apparent.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1-19
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume1/1-19.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:1:p:1-19

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nadeem A. Burney
Author-X-Name-First: Nadeem A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Burney
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Mohammad Irfan
Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Irfan
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Parental Characteristics, Supply of Schools, and Child School-enrolment in Pakistan
Abstract: In recent years, due to a virtual unanimity about the critical role of human capital in economic development, increased efforts are being made in the developing countries to eradicate illiteracy. Despite a significant increase over time in the number of educational institutions and the government's expenditure on education in Pakistan, the performance of the education sector in terms of output has been at best meagre. This non-correspondence between the growth in the educational institutions and the resultant output implies that failure to enlist the participation of the population in education can hardly be attributed exclusively to an insufficiency of the schools. To the extent that child schooling reflects parental capacity to invest in human capital formation, there is a need to reckon with factors bearing parental decision regarding child schooling.
This paper investigates family's decision regarding child schooling through an assessment of the determinants of child school-enrolment, using choice theoretic framework. The regression results are indicative of the influence of household status, both economic and social, on the propensity to invest in child schooling. A positive association between the household income, parental education, and tenurial status as land-owner bear out the importance of these factors in shaping the household's decision regarding investment in human capital formation. The study also finds traces of the quantity-quality trade-off in family's preferences regarding the number of children, and it is found to be male-specific. The most disturbing finding of the study appears to be the predominance of the influence originating from parental education. It is this inter-generational transfer of human capital which needs more attention as it also implies that illiteracy, and hence poverty, of the parents gets transmitted to the off-spring. The analysis also brings out the fact that the labour market hiring practices serve as an important feedback to the household's human capital formation behaviour.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 21-62
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume1/21-62.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:1:p:21-62

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mustafa K. Mujeri
Author-X-Name-First: Mustafa K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mujeri
Author-Workplace-Name: Bangladesh Planning Commission.
Title: The Impact of the HYV Technology on the Variability of Rice Production and Yield: Some Evidence from Bangladesh
Abstract: In recent years, the impact of the high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of cereals on the stability of cereals production has received increasing attention along with the growth potential of the technology. A number of studies, especially on Indian agriculture, have emphasized the destabilizing impact of the technology on foodgrains production. In contrast to such findings, the present analysis of rice production and yield in Bangladesh suggests a lower variability during the post-adoption period. Such conclusions are also supported by seasonal and regional data, although HYVs themselves are seen to be more variable than their local counterparts. An examination of the trends in variability during periods separated by the new technology provides an evidence of areversal of trends. It is argued that, with the introduction of HYVs, complementary technological innovations and land/water resources development have taken place, which have enabled the farmers to reduce gross dependence on nature and played key roles in reductions in variability in rice production and yield in Bangladesh.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 63-81
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume1/63-81.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:1:p:63-81

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Salim Chishti
Author-X-Name-First: Salim
Author-X-Name-Last: Chishti
Author-Workplace-Name: Applied Economics Research Centre, University of Karachi.
Author-Name: Fakhre Mahmood
Author-X-Name-First: Fakhre
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmood
Author-Workplace-Name: Applied Economics Research Centre, University of Karachi.
Title: The Energy Demand in the Industrial Sector of Pakistan
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyse the role of energy in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. The translog cost function alongwith the input demand equations corresponding to energy, capital, and labour have been estimated, using Zellner's iterative procedure. Time trend has been included in the cost equation in view of the low Durbin-Watson statistics. The results justify the inclusion of energy as a separate factor of production. Price elasticities and Allen-Uzawa partial substitution elasticities have been estimated. Own price elasticities indicate a rather inelastic demand for inputs. Cross-price elasticities show that energy and labour, and capital and labour are substitutes. The partial substitution elasticities between energy and capital are negative; which implies that higher energy prices will adversely affect investment in capital goods. On the other hand, the positive substitution elasticity between energy and employment implies that higher energy prices would induce more labour absorption.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 83-88
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume1/83-88.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:1:p:83-88

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi
Author-X-Name-First: Syed Nawab
Author-X-Name-Last: Haider Naqvi
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: A. R. Kemal
Author-X-Name-First: A. R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kemal
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: The Privatization of the Public Industrial Enterprises in Pakistan
Abstract: The present study examines the case for the privatization of public industrial enterprises in Pakistan, where the term 'privatization' is defined as a transfer of ownership from the public to the private sector. The focus of analysis is to compare the efficiency levels in public and private enterprises producing similar goods. It has been shown that, in general, allocative and productive efficiency is primarily associated with the quality of management rather than with the locus of ownership. The study corrects a popular misconception by showing that as some public enterprises showed losses, most of them made sufficiently large profits, and that their high rates of profit cannot be attributed to the high rates of protection. Indeed, the average rate of effective protection for industries in the public sector, as a rule, is lower than that for the industries in the private sector. Furthermore, the popular argument that the public enterprises indulge in monopolistic practices cannot be sustained because they, in fact, face competition both from the imports and the private investor; and because they typically enjoy high rates of capacity utilization. The fiscal argument in favour of privatization is also weak, because profit rates in most public enterprises tend to exceed the interest rate on public debt, so that their divestiture may increase the fiscal deficit rather than reduce it We also argue that privatization may not lay the foundation of the so-called people's capitalism in view of low incomes of the workers and the practice of insider-trading in the stock exchanges of Pakistan. At any rate, the value-added by the public industrial enterprises is such a small proportion of the Gross Domestic Product that not many growth points can be added on account of privatization.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 105-144
Volume: 30
Issue: 2
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume2/105-144.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:2:p:105-144

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nadeem A. Burney
Author-X-Name-First: Nadeem A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Burney
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Ashfaque H. Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Ashfaque H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Household Consumption Patterns in Pakistan: An Urban-Rural Comparison Using Micro Data
Abstract: This paper examines the household consumption patterns separately for the urban and the rural sectors in Pakistan by estimating the marginal expenditure shares and expenditure elasticities, for twelve broad commodity groups, using household level data for the year 1984-85. At the sectoral level, the marginal expenditure shares are estimated both with and without the 'community effect'. Furthermore, by dividing households within each sector into different income groups, income-specific marginal expenditure shares and elasticities are also obtained. This level of disaggregation reveals much richer consumption patterns as compared to the ones based on grouped data.
The estimated marginal expenditure shares indicate that in examining the household consumption patterns one can safely assume that all the households in the sample face the same price structure. While the findings of the paper support the validity of Engel's Law, the estimates presented indicate that expenditure elasticities for different commodity groups vary with income and, in general, exhibit a cyclical pattern, which is explained in terms of quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the households' consumption basket. For a majority of the commodity groups, both structural and behavioural differences in the consumption patterns are found to exist between the urban and the rural households. Furthermore, our results also confirm the existence of economies of scale in the consumption of majority of the commodity groups. The degrees of these economies of scale are not only different across commodities but also between sectors and across the income groups within each sector.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 145-171
Volume: 30
Issue: 2
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume2/145-171.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:2:p:145-171

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mohammad Alauddin
Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Alauddin
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
Author-Name: Clem Tisdell
Author-X-Name-First: Clem
Author-X-Name-Last: Tisdell
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
Title: The 'Green Revolution' and Labour Absorption in Bangladesh Agriculture: The Relevance of the East Asian Experience
Abstract: The bulk of analytic/empirical literature following the 'Green Revolution' contends that agricultural labour absorption in most, if not all, contemporary Asian countries is likely to follow the historical pattern of East Asia, especially Taiwan and Japan. This paper examines the relevance of East Asian experience for increased labour intensity in agriculture in Bangladesh in the post-'Green Revolution' period. Using labour coefficient data for a wide range of crops, the analysis is carried out on an annual basis as well as for crop seasons. Observed patterns are analysed and likely determinants are identified. The findings of the paper indicate limited relevance of the East Asian experience to Bangladesh, and highlight for South Asia the importance of examining seasonal differences in labour absorption.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 173-188
Volume: 30
Issue: 2
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume2/173-188.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:2:p:173-188

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ibrahim Hassan Yassin
Author-X-Name-First: Ibrahim Hassan
Author-X-Name-Last: Yassin
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Gezira, Sudan.
Title: Aid-tying and the Real Value of Foreign Assistance: The Case of the Sudan
Abstract: This paper assesses the excess cost which results from aid-tying in some development projects in the Sudan. Tying can be of two types, either by source or by end-use. In the former case, restrictions are placed on where the recipients can spend the assistance. In the latter case, assistance is limited to specific items or projects. Thus, aid can be deemed to be doubly tied. In addition, there are other unquantifiable costs of tying. For example, the project to which the assistance will be tied might not suit the recipient's development programme, or the technology used may be inappropriate. Eight foreign-aided projects, which were tied by source as well as by end-use, were analysed to estimate the excess cost which results from the tying of aid. The overall weighted average of tying these projects appears to be 74 percent higher than the international market. In addition, the analysis shows that the terms of borrowing for these projects were hard; consequently, the grant element was low. Thus, if one takes into account the estimated excess cost of the tied foreign credits, which was greater than the commercial cost of borrowing at which these credits could have been sought in the absence of aid, the real value of these credits, the paper shows by using a shadow grant element approach, was negative.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 189-206
Volume: 30
Issue: 2
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume2/189-206.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:2:p:189-206

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Ghaffar Chaudhry
Author-X-Name-First: M. Ghaffar
Author-X-Name-Last: Chaudhry
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Nighat Naheed Kayani
Author-X-Name-First: Nighat Naheed
Author-X-Name-Last: Kayani
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Implicit Taxation of Pakistan's Agriculture: An Analysis of the Commodity and Input Prices
Abstract: The purpose of the present paper has been to quantify and discuss the implications of implicit taxes in Pakistan's agriculture. The methodology of the paper consisted of defining the import and export parity prices of major agricultural commodities grown in Pakistan, by comparing them with domestic procurement prices. Although the analysis covered only four commodities, implicit tax rates in some of the years from 1970-71 to 1989-90 were as high as 75 percent for certain commodities. It was only in the case of IRRI rice and sugarcane that domestic prices were above the world levels in some years of the period under consideration. When shown as a percentage of the value-added by agriculture, the taxes on these four commodities, net of the total budgetary subsidies on agricultural inputs, varied from 1.9 percent to 14.9 percent. These tax rates in agriculture compared favourably with the overall tax rates in Pakistan's economy for most of the years. Judged in the light of the relative taxable capacities of agriculture and Pakistan's economy as a whole, implicit taxes were much higher in agriculture than in the other sectors of the economy.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 225-242
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume3/225-242.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:3:p:225-242

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zafar Mahmood
Author-X-Name-First: Zafar
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmood
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Emigration and Wages in an Open Economy: Some Evidence from Pakistan
Abstract: This paper examines the impact of labour emigration on the wages of both the skilled and unskilled workers. The paper is based on a 3 X 3 trade-theoretic model, where a subset of the goods produced are traded at internationally fixed prices. The results of the model hinge crucially on the intensities of the factors used 'within' the traded goods sectors of the economy. Using the Pakistani data, it is found that unskilled labour is used extremely intensively in the agriculture sector (exportable), skilled labour is used extremely intensively in the manufacturing sector (importable), and capital is used as the middle factor in both the traded goods sectors. Moreover, capital is used significantly less intensively in the construction (non-traded) sector relative to both the traded sectors. Based on the estimated relative factor intensities, the model predicts that emigration of either skilled or unskilled workers from Pakistan, in the long run, would benefit (in nominal as well as real terms) both the skilled and unskilled workers and hurt the owners of capital. The results suggest that the higher wages to both the skilled and unskilled workers must be compensated by a reduction in the rate of returns to capital if export-oriented and import-competing sectors in Pakistan are to remain internationally competitive.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 243-262
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume3/243-262.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:3:p:243-262

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Waqar A. Jehangir
Author-X-Name-First: Waqar A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Jehangir
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Author-Name: Rajan K. Sampath
Author-X-Name-First: Rajan K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sampath
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Title: Farm Size and Land Use Efficiency in Pakistan's Agriculture
Abstract: In this paper we analyzed the relationship between the farm size and economies of scale in the extensive and intensive use of land. We found that the definition of farm size in terms of linear aggregation of the irrigated and unirrigated lands leads to the mis-specification bias, resulting in the under-estimation of the degree of homogeneity of the functions. The implications of the above analysis are fairly obvious. First of all, the one-dimensional definition of farm size in terms of total land size without distinguishing between the irrigated and the unirrigated lands not only mis-specifies the functional relationships between farm size, on the one hand, and land use and other economic variables, on the other hand; but, more importantly, it also under-estimates the returns to scale value, thereby leading to over-estimation of possible benefits from the re-distribution of land. Secondly, the division of lands into irrigated and unirrigated brings out the importance of irrigation in determining the levels of the extensive and intensive uses of land and goes a long way in explaining the inter-farm size as well as the intra-farm size variations in land use intensities. Thirdly, explicit estimates of the positive impact of irrigation on land use and productivity clearly indicate that there is an alternative policy for radical land reforms to bring about significant changes in the distribution of agricultural income and assets. That alternative policy is to use irrigation development and distribution, which are predominantly under the direct or indirect control of the government, as policy tools to help the small and marginal farmers.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 263-274
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume3/263-274.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:3:p:263-274

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew P. Barkley
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Barkley
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
Title: The Determinants of Interdistrict Labour In-migration in Pakistan, 1971-1980
Abstract: The movement of labour from one location to another in Pakistan has increased in recent years. This article begins by reviewing the previous literature pertinent to labour migration within Pakistan. Next, a migration equation at the aggregate level is specified, based on the expected socio-economic determinants of labour migration and data availability.
Regression analysis was used to identify and quantify the determinants of interdistrict migration in Pakistan during the period 1971-1980. The results demonstrate that one of the major determinants of migration into a district was the percent of previous migrants nyi district's population. Interdistrict migration was also significantly associated with the socio-economic variables of urbanization, population density, and literacy rates.
The research presented here provides evjdence that the movement of labour between districts in Pakistan is towards locations of superior socio-economic conditions. Migration was found to become more responsive to urbanization, population density, and literacy rates over time, and less responsive to previous migration over time. Given the huge increase in productivity in the agricultural sector brought about by the Green Revolution, the movement of workers out of agricultural areas and into industrial areas is expected to continue into the future. This rural-to-urban flow may be limited by the level of population density; crowded living conditions were found to be negatively associated with labour migration.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 275-296
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume3/275-296.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:3:p:275-296

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zubeda Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Zubeda
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development economics, Islamabad.
Title: Are Breastfeeding Patterns in Pakistan Changing?
Abstract: Prolonged breastfeeding, apart from being beneficial to the child's health, helps in keeping the birth rate low. One of the effects of malnutrition in developing countries is the reduction in the period of lactation. In Pakistan, where the birth rate is already very high and the use of contraceptives limited, any reduction in the breastfeeding period may result in an increase of the birth rate. This study was undertaken to find out the recent changes in the breastfeeding pattern and their potential impact on the fertility levels in Pakistan. The data for this study is based on two National Fertility Surveys - the 1975 Pakistan Fertility Survey (PFS) and the 1979 Population, Labour Force, and Migration Survey (PLM). The estimation of the mean duration of breastfeeding is based on a measure developed by mosley (1982), given by the formula Y = BIN, where ¥ = estimate of duration of breastfeeding, B = total number of children currently being breastfed, N = the average number of births per month. Taking mother's age, parity, place of residence, education, and occupation as background variables, the findings are as follows: (1) a decline of about 4 months occurs in the average length of lactation; (2) age of mother is positively associated with the duration of breastfeeding; (3) urban women have shorter periods of breastfeeding; (4) women working on farms have longer periods of breastfeeding; (5) a slight increase in fertility is due to the decline in breastfeeding and the decrease in the use of contraceptives. It is suggested that breastfeeding may be promoted among Pakistani mothers to reduce the birth rate.
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 297-311
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume3/297-311.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:3:p:297-311

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi
Author-X-Name-First: Syed Nawab
Author-X-Name-Last: Haider Naqvi
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development economics, Islamabad.
Title: In Pursuit of a New Paradigm
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 337-365
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/337-365.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:337-365

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lawrence R. Klein
Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Klein
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
Title: Financial Options for Economic Development
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 369-393
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/369-393.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:369-393

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ismail Sirageldin
Author-X-Name-First: Ismail
Author-X-Name-Last: Sirageldin
Author-Workplace-Name: Johns Hopkins University, USA.
Author-Name: Francois Diop
Author-X-Name-First: Francois
Author-X-Name-Last: Diop
Author-Workplace-Name: Johns Hopkins University, USA.
Title: Equity and Efficiency in Health Status and Health Services Utilization: A Household Perspective
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 415-437
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/415-437.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:415-437

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John W. Mellor
Author-X-Name-First: John W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mellor
Author-Workplace-Name: International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.. USA.
Title: Agricultural Links to Nonagricultural Growth: Urbanization, Employment, Poverty
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 439-456
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/439-456.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:439-456

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mahmood Hasan Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Mahmood Hasan
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Workplace-Name: Simon Fraser University, Canada.
Title: Resource Mobilization from Agriculture in Pakistan
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 457-483
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/457-483.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:457-483

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gamani Corea
Author-X-Name-First: Gamani
Author-X-Name-Last: Corea
Author-Workplace-Name: Governing Council at the Marga Institute, Sri Lanka.
Title: International Development Perspectives for the 90s
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 485-501
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/485-501.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:485-501

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Ali Khan
Author-X-Name-First: M. Ali
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U. S. A.
Title: On the Languages of Markets
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 503-549
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/503-549.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:503-549

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William C. Thiesenhusen
Author-X-Name-First: William C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Thiesenhusen
Author-Workplace-Name: Agricultural Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
Title: Have Agricultural Economists Neglected Poverty Issues?
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 551-578
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/551-578.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:551-578

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert E. Baldwin
Author-X-Name-First: Robert E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Baldwin
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA.
Title: What's at Stake for the LDCs, Now that the Uruguay Round Talks have been Suspended?
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 579-599
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/579-599.pdf
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gustav F. Papanek
Author-X-Name-First: Gustav F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Papanek
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Asian Development Studies, Boston University, USA.
Title: Market or Government: Lessons from a Comparative Analysis of the Experience of Pakistan and India
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 601-646
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/601-646.pdf
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karol J. Krotki
Author-X-Name-First: Karol J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Krotki
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmont, Alberta, Canada.
Title: The Six Questions that Do Not Go Away
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 649-667
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/649-667.pdf
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zeba A. Sathar
Author-X-Name-First: Zeba A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sathar
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Changes in Mortality in Pakistan 1960-88
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 669-679
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/669-679.pdf
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Framurz Kiani
Author-X-Name-First: M. Framurz
Author-X-Name-Last: Kiani
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: H. B. Siyal
Author-X-Name-First: H. B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Siyal
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Dimensions of Urban Growth in Pakistan
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 681-691
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/681-691.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:681-691

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Abid Aman Burki
Author-X-Name-First: Abid Aman
Author-X-Name-Last: Burki
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Qaisar Abbas
Author-X-Name-First: Qaisar
Author-X-Name-Last: Abbas
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
Title: Earnings Functions in Pakistan's Urban Informal Sector: A Case Study
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 695-706
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/695-706.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:695-706

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: G. A. Abbink
Author-X-Name-First: G. A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Abbink
Author-Workplace-Name: Pak/Dutch Project on Human Resources as Expert and bilateral Associate Expert.
Author-Name: K. Tejani
Author-X-Name-First: K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Tejani
Author-Workplace-Name: Pak/Dutch Project on Human Resources as Expert and bilateral Associate Expert.
Title: Human Resources Information Systems: Concepts, Functions and Objectives
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 707-720
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/707-720.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:707-720

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Khwaja Sarmad
Author-X-Name-First: Khwaja
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarmad
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Title: Is the Private Sector more Productive than the Public Sector?
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 721-729
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/721-729.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:721-729

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shahnaz kazi
Author-X-Name-First: Shahnaz
Author-X-Name-Last: kazi
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Bilquees Raza
Author-X-Name-First: Bilquees
Author-X-Name-Last: Raza
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Duality of Female Employment in Pakistan
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 733-743
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/733-743.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:733-743

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Faiz Bilquees
Author-X-Name-First: Faiz
Author-X-Name-Last: Bilquees
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: The First Women Bank-Why and for Whom?
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 745-753
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/745-753.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:745-753

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shahnaz Hamid
Author-X-Name-First: Shahnaz
Author-X-Name-Last: Bilquees
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Determinants of the Supply of Women in the Labour Market: A Micro Analysis
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 755-766
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/755-766.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:755-766

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: A. R. Kemal
Author-X-Name-First: A. R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kemal
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Options for Financing the Budgetary Deficit, Money Supply, and Growth of Banking Sector
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 769-784
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/769-784.pdf
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sarfraz Khan Qureshi
Author-X-Name-First: Sarfraz Khan
Author-X-Name-Last: Qureshi
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Trends and Patterns in Federal-Provincial Fiscal Flows in Pakistan: A Preliminary Analysis
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 785-798
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/785-798.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:785-798

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ivo C. Havinga
Author-X-Name-First: Ivo C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Havinga
Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division.
Author-Name: W. A. Van Den Andel
Author-X-Name-First: W. A. Van Den
Author-X-Name-Last: Andel
Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division.
Title: Integrated System of National Accounts for Pakistan: Concepts, Sources and Methods in Brief
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 799-818
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/799-818.pdf
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shaheen Mahmood
Author-X-Name-First: Shaheen
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmood
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Khalid Hameed Sheikh
Author-X-Name-First: Khalid Hameed
Author-X-Name-Last: Sheikh
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Tallat Mahmood
Author-X-Name-First: Tallat
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmood
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Food Poverty and its Causes in Pakistan
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 821-834
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/821-834.pdf
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: zafar Mahmood
Author-X-Name-First: zafar
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmood
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Jafar Hussain
Author-X-Name-First: Jafar
Author-X-Name-Last: Hussain
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Performance of Foreign and Local Firms in Pakistan: A Comparison
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 837-847
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/837-847.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:837-847

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Akbar Noman
Author-X-Name-First: Akbar
Author-X-Name-Last: Noman
Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Finance, Islamabad.
Title: Industrial Development and Efficiency in Pakistan: A Revisionist Overview
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 849-861
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/849-861.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:849-861

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ashfaque H. Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Ashfaque H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Employment Creation Effects of Pakistan's Exports
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 865-877
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/865-877.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:865-877

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sabur Ghayur
Author-X-Name-First: Sabur
Author-X-Name-Last: Ghayur
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Office of the German Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Title: Employment and Manpower Information in Pakistan: Identification of the "Invisibles"
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 879-891
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/879-891.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:879-891

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Istaqbal Mehdi
Author-X-Name-First: Istaqbal
Author-X-Name-Last: Mehdi
Author-Workplace-Name: Ministry of Production, Islamabad.
Title: Privatization-A Device for Reforming Public Enterprise Sector in Pakistan
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 895-905
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/895-905.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:895-905

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Muhammad Hussain
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Hussain
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, International Institute of Islamic Economics, International Islamic University, Islamabad.
Title: Money, Income, and Causality: Some Evidence from Pakistan
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 907-918
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/907-918.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:907-918

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kalbe Abbas
Author-X-Name-First: Kalbe
Author-X-Name-Last: Abbas
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Causality Test between Money and Income: A Case Study of Selected Developing Asian Countries (1960-1988)
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 919-929
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/919-929.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:919-929

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Aynul Hasan
Author-X-Name-First: M. Aynul
Author-X-Name-Last: Hasan
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, the Acadia University, Canada.
Author-Name: Qazi Masood Ahmed
Author-X-Name-First: Qazi Masood
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmed
Author-Workplace-Name: Applied Economics Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi.
Title: Endogeneity of Monetary Policy Reaction Function: An Experience from Pakistan's Economy
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 931-941
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/931-941.pdf
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Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:931-941

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: J. S. Ryan
Author-X-Name-First: J. S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan
Author-Workplace-Name: Economic Analysis Programme Office, USAID, Islamabad.
Title: Price Controls do not Reduce Inflation
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 943-950
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/943-950.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:943-950

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yasmeen Mohiuddin
Author-X-Name-First: Yasmeen
Author-X-Name-Last: Mohiuddin
Author-Workplace-Name: University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, USA and Women in Development (PHRWD) and the Agriculture (EMIAG) Divisions of the World Bank.
Title: Discrimination in the Pakistan Labour Market: Myth and Reality
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 965-979
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/965-979.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:965-979

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shamim A. Sahibzada
Author-X-Name-First: Shamim A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sahibzada
Author-Workplace-Name: Project Evaluation Division, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Mir Annice Mahmood
Author-X-Name-First: Mir Annice
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmood
Author-Workplace-Name: Project Evaluation Division, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Efficiency Analysis of Projects in the Pakistan Economy
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 983-993
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/983-993.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:983-993

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. A. Hussein Mullick
Author-X-Name-First: M. A. Hussein
Author-X-Name-Last: Mullick
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
Title: The Iraq-Kuwait Conflict and the Developmental Scenario to the Peninsula Arab Countries
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 995-1003
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/995-1003.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:995-1003

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Moazam Mahmood
Author-X-Name-First: Moazam
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmood
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Growth and Distribution of Agrarian Assets in the Punjab
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1007-1027
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1007-1027.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1007-1027

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rao Abdul Rauf Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Rao Abdul
Author-X-Name-Last: Rauf Khan
Author-Workplace-Name: (Economic Research) ADBP, Islamabad.
Title: Some Operational Issues and Institutional Constraints in Lending to Small Farmers
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1029-1037
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1029-1037.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1029-1037

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sohail J. Malik
Author-X-Name-First: Sohail J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Malik
Author-Workplace-Name: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Author-Name: Mohammad Mushtaq
Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Mushtaq
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Manzoor A. Gill
Author-X-Name-First: Manzoor A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gill
Author-Workplace-Name: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Title: The Role of Institutional Credit in the Agricultural Development of Pakistan
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1039-1048
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1039-1048.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1039-1048

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Ghaffar Chaudhry
Author-X-Name-First: M. Ghaffar
Author-X-Name-Last: Chaudhry
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Nighat naheed Kayani
Author-X-Name-First: Nighat naheed
Author-X-Name-Last: Kayani
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Commodity Taxation and Input Subsidies in Pakistan's Agriculture: A Preliminary Analysis
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1051-1064
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1051-1064.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1051-1064

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: B. A. Azhar
Author-X-Name-First: B. A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Azhar
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
Title: Taxation of Agricultural Income: A Holistic View
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1065-1072
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1065-1072.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1065-1072

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Soofia Mumtaz
Author-X-Name-First: Soofia
Author-X-Name-Last: Mumtaz
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Durr-E-Nayab
Author-X-Name-First: Durr-E-
Author-X-Name-Last: Nayab
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Management Arrangements of the Chaprote Forest and their Implications for Sustainable Development
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1075-1086
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1075-1086.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1075-1086

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Azfar F. Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Azfar F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Title: International Migration and the "Moral" Economy of the 'Barani' Peasantry
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1087-1102
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1087-1102.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1087-1102

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ziaul Haque
Author-X-Name-First: Ziaul
Author-X-Name-Last: Haque
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Islamization of Economy in Pakistan (1977-88): An Essay on the Relationship between Religion and Economics
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1105-1118
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1105-1118.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1105-1118

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Faiz Mohammad
Author-X-Name-First: Faiz
Author-X-Name-Last: Mohammad
Author-Workplace-Name: International Institute of Islamic Economics, International Islamic University, Islamabad.
Title: Prospects of Poverty Eradication Through the Existing Zakat System in Pakistan
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1119-1129
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1119-1129.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1119-1129

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Muhammad Anwar
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Anwar
Author-Workplace-Name: International Islamic University, Malaysia.
Title: The Role of Islamic Financial Institutions in the Socio-economic Development in Malaysia
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1131-1142
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1131-1142.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1131-1142

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Nunnenkamp
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Nunnenkamp
Author-Workplace-Name: Kiel Institute of World Economics, Germany.
Title: Developing Countries' Attractiveness for Foreign Direct Investment—Debt Overhang and Sovereign Risk as Major Impediments?
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1145-1158
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1145-1158.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1145-1158

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tayyeb Shabbir
Author-X-Name-First: Tayyeb
Author-X-Name-Last: Shabbir
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Riaz Mahmood
Author-X-Name-First: Riaz
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmood
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Structural Change in the Import Demand Function for Pakistan
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1159-1168
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1159-1168.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1159-1168

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nasir M. Khilji
Author-X-Name-First: Nasir M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Khilji
Author-Workplace-Name: Catholic University of America.
Author-Name: Ernest M. Zampelli
Author-X-Name-First: Ernest M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Zampelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Catholic University of America.
Title: The Effect of U. S. Assistance on Public and Private Expenditures in Pakistan: 1960-1988
Journal: The Pakistan Development Review
Pages: 1169-1184
Volume: 30
Issue: 4
Year: 1991
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1991/Volume4/1169-1184.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:30:y:1991:i:4:p:1169-1184