Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Muhammad Nasir
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Nasir
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Muhammad Salman Tariq
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad Salman
Author-X-Name-Last:  Tariq
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Faiz-ur-Rehman
Author-X-Name-First: Faiz-ur-
Author-X-Name-Last: Rehman
Author-Workplace-Name: Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
Title: The Effect of Foreign Remittances on Schooling: Evidence from Pakistan
Abstract: The underlying study intends to show the impact of foreign remittances
on the educational performance of children in the households receiving these
remittances. Much of the literature in this area covers the effects of remittances
on poverty, consumption, and investment behaviour of the receiving households.
The literature on the impact of remittances on educational performance,
however, is rare, especially in Pakistan. To investigate the impact of remittances
on educational performance, primary data at the household level is collected
from four main cities of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. The OLS
results illustrate that, without considering parental education, remittances have
significant adverse effects on educational performance. However, the effect
becomes insignificant once parental education is included, as a control variable,
in the regression. The results also reveal that the low level of parental education,
current income, assets, family type, and family size play an important role in the
educational performance of children.
Length: 27 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-66.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:66
Classification-JEL: A20, I22
Keywords: Remittances , Education, Parental Absence
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:66

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Muhammad Arshad Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad Arshad
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Shujaat Ali Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Shujaat Ali
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Workplace-Name: Middlebury College, USA.
Title: Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Sectoral Analysis
Abstract: This paper establishes an empirical relationship between industry -specific
foreign direct investment (FDI) and output under the framework of Granger
causality and panel cointegration for Pakistan over the period 1981-2008. The
result supports th e evidence of panel cointegration between FDI and output.
FDI has a positive effect on output in the long run. The result also supports the
evidence of long-run causality running from GDP to FDI, while in the short run,
the evidence of two-way causality between FDI and GDP is identified. At the
sectoral level, the effects of FDI on growth vary significantly across sectors. The
most striking result obtained is that FDI causes growth in the primary and
services sectors, while growth causes FDI in the manufacturing sector.
Length: 22 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-67.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:67
Classification-JEL: F23, O40, C33
Keywords: FDI, Growth, Cointegration, Causality
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:67

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Naushin Mahmood
Author-X-Name-First: Naushin
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmood
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: The Demographic Dividend: Effects of Population Change on School Education in Pakistan
Abstract: This study examines how the changing demographics in Pakistan,
resulting primarily from fertility transition, would affect educational attainment
of school-age population during the next two decades. The basic question
addressed is whether the expected population change would enable the country
to benefit from the demographic dividend and enhance the chances to achieve
universal primary education by 2015, one of the targets of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs). Using projected population es timates and school
enrolment data, the findings show that about 9.5 million children aged 5-9 years
were not enrolled in school in 2005-06. Assuming a gradual and steady increase
in enrolment, education simulations show that the number of children aged 5-9
years who will never enter school will cumulatively rise to approximately 27.7
million by 2030, of which 12.2 million would be boys, and 15.5 million girls,
and it may take another two decades to achieve universal primary enrolment.
Furthermore, children aged 10-14 years not attending secondary level were 14.5
million in 2005-06. Given the current trends in enrolment, this number is
expected to increase almost four times by 2030, thereby widening the population
education gap over the years. Thus rapid increase in enrolment is the desired
option. Otherwise the large education deficit would create conditions highly
unfavourable to capitalis e on the demographic dividend, and pose a threat rather
than offer an opportunity to stimulate economic development. In terms of policy
actions, investments in school education need to be almost doubled to absorb the
prospective increase in the school-age population during the next two decades.
Length: 18 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-68.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:68
Classification-JEL: J1, I2, I22
Keywords: Demographic Dividend, Education, Primary Enrolment
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:68

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Muhammad Arshad Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad Arshad
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Musleh ud Din
Author-X-Name-First: Musleh ud
Author-X-Name-Last: Din
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: A Dynamic Macroeconometric Model of Pakistan’s Economy
Abstract: In this study, an attempt has been made of develop a dynamic
macroeconometric model of Pakistan’s economy to examine the behaviour of
major macroeconomic variables such as output, consumption, investment,
government expenditure, money, interest rates, prices, exports, and imports. The
model consists of 21 equations, of which 13 are behavioural and the rest are
identities. The Engle-Granger two-step cointegration procedure is used to derive
the long-run and short -run elasticities for the period 1972-2009. The test of
significance of each estimated equation seems to validate the model. The
estimated long-run parameters are used to perform simulation experiments to
determine the model’s ability to track historical data and to assess the behaviour
of the key macroeconomic variables in response to the changes in selected
exogenous variables. The results indicate that the majority of macroeconomic
variables follow an increasing trend over the period of simulation, 2009-2013.
Length: 52 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-69.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:69
Classification-JEL: C20, C53, E1, E6, O5, R10
Keywords: Macroeconometric Model; Pakistan Economy, Cointegration, Forecasting
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:69

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Muhammad Nasir
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Nasir
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Wasim Shahid Malik
Author-X-Name-First: Wasim Shahid
Author-X-Name-Last: Malik
Author-Workplace-Name: Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
Title: The Contemporaneous Correlation of
Structural Shocks and Inflation— Output Variability in Pakistan
Abstract: Monetary policy has changed in a number of ways during the last two
decades . Along with the other characteristics, modern monetary policy is
forward-looking, and the central banks respond contemporaneously to structural
shocks that are expected to make inflation deviate from the future targets. This
study aims at investigating this aspect of the monetary policy for Pakistan.
Using a modified version of Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR)
developed by Enders and Hurn (2007), we have found a weak response of policy
to supply-side shocks as the correlation coefficient between the demand and
supply shocks is only 0.041. Moreover, the results show that the demand shocks
have no significant contribution to output variability. On the other hand, both the
demand and supply shocks, along with the foreign supply shocks, significantly
contribute to inflation variability.
Length: 20 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-70.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:70
Classification-JEL: E31, E42, E52, E58
Keywords: Monetary Policy, Contemporaneous Correlation, Pakistan, Structural Shocks, Vector Autoregression
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:70


Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Sadia Mariam Malik
Author-X-Name-First: Sadia
Author-X-Name-Last: Mariam Malik
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: An Empirical Investigation of the
Relationship between Food Insecurity,
Landlessness, and Violent
Conflict in Pakistan
Abstract: This study is an attempt to examine empirically the association between
socio-economic measures of deprivation—such as food insecurity, landlessness,
unemployment, and human under-development—and the incidence of violent
conflict as measured by the number of violent attacks across districts in
Pakistan. The study uses a linear probability model in which the dependent
variable is defined on the basis of the presence or absence of violent attacks in a
particular district. The results of the study indicate that in addition to the
provincial-level fixed characteristics, landlessness and food insecurity are
positively and robustly associated with the probability of violent attacks across
districts in Pakistan. Quite contrary to the general impression held, the number
of madrassahs (religious seminaries), employment rate, and literacy rate appear
to be statistically irrelevant, on average, in terms of determining the probability
of the presence of violent conflict across districts in Pakistan. While
emphasising the need to collect better data on the intensity of violent conflict—
to take into account both the incidence as well as the origin of violent attacks
across districts in Pakistan—the study raises some important questions regarding
the role of landlessness and food insecurity that need to be investigated further
in future studies on socio-economic drivers of violent conflict in Pakistan.
Length: 17 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-71.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:71
Classification-JEL: O29, D63, D74, F52
Keywords: Violent Conflict, Militancy, Food Insecurity, Landlessness,
Pakistan
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:71

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Muhammad Javid
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Javid
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Abdul Qayyum
Author-X-Name-First: Abdul
Author-X-Name-Last: Qayyum
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Foreign Aid and Growth Nexus in Pakistan:
The Role of Macroeconomic Policies
Abstract: Despite receiving large quantities of foreign aid, Pakistan, like many
other developing countries, has remained stagnant and become more aiddependent.
This grim reality has provoke d a vigorous debate on the
effectiveness of aid. This study examines the effectiveness of aid, focusing on
the ongoing debate on the interactive effect of aid and policy on sustainable
economic growth. The empirical analysis is based on the ARDL cointegration
approach, using the data for the period 1960 to 2008. The empirical findings are
that foreign aid and real GDP have a negative relationship, while the aid-policy
interactive term and real GDP growth have a positive and significant
relationship. Interesting results emerge when aid-GDP alone is introduced into
the growth equation and has an insignificant positive coefficient in the long run
and a negative and weakly significant coefficient in the short run, while the aidpolicy
interactive term has a positive and significant coefficient both in the short
run and the long run. When we disaggregate aid in terms of the bilateral and
multilateral components, bilateral aid is significantly positive in the short run
and multilateral aid is insignificant, while the aid interactive term is positive in
both cases. The results strongly support the view that foreign aid does have a
positive impact on economic growth in Pakistan, though conditionally so, i.e., if
based on sound macroeconomic policies.
Length: 23 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-72.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:72
Classification-JEL: O1; O2; O4; C23
Keywords: Foreign Aid, Macroeconomic policies, Economic Growth,
Pakistan, ARDL
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:72

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Usman Mustafa
Author-X-Name-First: Usman
Author-X-Name-Last: Mustafa
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Fiscal Federalism in Pakistan:
The 7th National Finance Commission
Awardand Its Implications
Abstract: Pakistan is a federal country. Distribution of resources has a profound
impact on income, development, backwardness, and poverty. The paper briefly
discusses the federation, its needs and importance in general. The National
Finance Commission (NFC) award is considered as a step towards federalism. In
the historical perspective of the NFC awards, the salient features of the recent
7th NFC award, the weightings, and the criteria adopted in the n ational as well
as provincial Finance Commission award s are described. Major issues faced by
the Provincial as well as Federal governments regarding the award and its
implementation are discussed in detail. Good practice lessons to be derived from
it are also pointed out. The conclusion includes recommendations for a strong
federation and effective use of the NFC award.
Length: 16 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-73.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:73
Classification-JEL: H71, H72, H73, H77
Keywords: Fiscal Federalism, NFC Award, Impact and Implications,
Political Economy, Rule and Discretion, Pakistan
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:73

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: G. M. Arif
Author-X-Name-First: G. M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Arif
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Nasir Iqbal
Author-X-Name-First: Nasir
Author-X-Name-Last:  Iqbal
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Shujaat Farooq
Author-X-Name-First: Shujaat
Author-X-Name-Last: Farooq
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: The Persistence and Transition of Rural
Poverty in Pakistan: 1998-2004
Abstract: This study has used two rounds of the two panel data sets to examine the
poverty dynamics in rural Pakistan (Sindh and Punjab). The Pakistan Socio-
Economic Survey (PSES ) covers two periods, 1998 and 2000, while the
Pakistan Rural Household Survey (PRHS) covers the 2001 and 2004 period.
More than one-fifth of the households were chronically poor in the PSES
rounds , and 11 percent in the PRHS rounds. Further, both chronic and transitory
poverty are higher in Sindh and southern Punjab than in centra l and northern
Punjab. Illiteracy, household size, dependency ratio, lack of livestock,
landlessness, lack of ownership of dwellings, and health expenditure are the
factors responsible for aggravating long-term poverty. The higher incidence of
transitory poverty in rural Sindh and southern Punjab indicates the impact of
large investments made in the public sector to raise the living standards there to
the level of the better-off regions.
Length: 27 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-74.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:74
Classification-JEL: I3, I32
Keywords: Poverty, Chronic Poverty, Household Panel Datasets, Rural
Pakistan
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:74

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Rehana Siddiqui
Author-X-Name-First: Rehana
Author-X-Name-Last: Siddiqui
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Hafiz Hanzla Jalil
Author-X-Name-First: Hafiz Hanzla
Author-X-Name-Last:  Jalil
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Muhammad Nasir
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad
Author-X-Name-Last:  Nasir
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Wasim Shahid Malik
Author-X-Name-First: Wasim
Author-X-Name-Last: Shahid Malik
Author-Workplace-Name: Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Mahmood Khalid
Author-X-Name-First: Mahmood
Author-X-Name-Last: Khalid
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: The Cost of Unserved Energy:
Evidence from Selected Industrial
Cities of Pakistan
Abstract: This study is an attempt to explore the cost of unserved energy due to
power outages in Pakistan that started in 2007. The study is based on a survey
conducted for four major industrial cities of Punjab—Gujrat, Faisalabad,
Gujranwala, and Sialkot. In addition to quantification of output losses, the effect
on employment, cost of production, and delay in supply orders are also
examined. The output loss is quantified using two-dimensional analyses,
controlling for variations in the duration of outages and in the shift hours. The
survey data reveal that employment has not suffered any significant drop due to
alternative energy arrangements. These arrangements, nevertheless, have
increased the production cost of the firms. Delays in the delivery of supply
orders are also due to energy shortage. The study reports that the total industrial
output loss varies between 12 percent and 37 percent, with Punjab as the major
affected province.
Length: 21 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-75.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:75
Classification-JEL: 
Keywords: Energy Crises, Output Loss, Pakistan
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:75

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Henna Ahsan
Author-X-Name-First: Henna
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahsan
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Zainab Iftikhar
Author-X-Name-First: Zainab
Author-X-Name-Last:  Iftikhar
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: M. Ali Kemal
Author-X-Name-First: M. Ali
Author-X-Name-Last:  Kemal
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: The Determinants of Food Prices: A Case Study of Pakistan
Abstract: Controlling prices is one of the major tasks for the macroeconomic
policy-makers. The recent oil price hike that shifted the policy towards biofuels
and some natural calamities increased food prices around the world. This paper
analyses the demand- and supply-side factors that affect food prices in Pakistan.
Long-run relationship is analysed using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag
Model (ARDL) for the period 1970 to 2008. The result indicates that supplyside
factors (subsidies and world food prices) have a significant impact on food
prices , whereas demand-side factors, such as money supply, are the main cause
of the increase in food prices in the short as well as the long run. The error
correction is statistically significant and shows that market forces play an active
role to restore the long-run equilibrium.
Length: 21 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-76.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:76
Classification-JEL: 
Keywords: Food Prices, ARDL Approach, Pakistan
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:76

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Durr-e-Nayab
Author-X-Name-First: Durr e
Author-X-Name-Last: Nayab
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Estimating the Middle Class in Pakistan
Abstract: The concept ‘middle class’ is one of the most commonly used terms in
the social sciences, including economics, sociology and political science.
Despite its frequent use there is, however, no consensus on what the term
exactly implies and its meaning remains ambiguous depending primarily on the
context in which it is used. It is viewed as the class that is between, and
separates, the lower and the upper classes, that is the rich and the poor, but there
is no agreement on the exact boundaries that separates them. Most of the
definitions and measurements of the middle class continue to be somewhat
arbitrary and vague.
Length: 37 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-77.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:77
Classification-JEL: 
Keywords: 
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:77

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Mohammad Irfan
Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Irfan
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Remittances and Poverty Linkages in Pakistan: Evidence and Some Suggestions for Further Analysis
Abstract: Global remittances experienced a dramatic increase over the years,
particularly since 1990 wherein the developing world emerged to be the major
beneficiary accounting for 60 percent of the total amount. Because of the sheer
volume, and magnitude of the remittances, and pre-eminence of these flows
compared to the FDIs, development assistance and in some cases the trade
related transactions, the development practitioners tended to focus and
investigate the importance of remittances which are generally regarded as a
dependable source for growth, improved welfare and poverty alleviation in the
developing world. Given the fact that remittances flows entail wide ranging
ramifications both for sending as well as receiving countries, difficult to be
generalised, hence empirical evidence has been mounted though lack of
consensus is visible.
Length: 26 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-78.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:78
Classification-JEL: 
Keywords: 
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:78

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Ayaz Ahmed
Author-X-Name-First: Ayaz
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmed
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Author-Name: Henna Ahsan
Author-X-Name-First: Henna
Author-X-Name-Last:  Ahsan
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad.
Title: Contribution of Services Sector in the Economy of Pakistan
Abstract: The services sector has provided steady support to Pakistan’s economic
growth. It share in GDP now stands a more than 50 percent. The paper analyses
its continuation in the growth of the economy in general and the development of
trade and genera tion of employment in particular. The study identifies the
bottlenecks in its growth and suggest measures to remove them. A set of policy
reforms has been suggested to make the sector more effective in the growth of
the national economy.
Length: 27 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-79.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:79
Classification-JEL: 
Keywords: Services Sector, Industry, Employment, Financial Institutions and Pakistan’s Economy
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:79

Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0
Author-Name: Umer Khalid
Author-X-Name-First: Umer
Author-X-Name-Last: Khalid
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakistan Microfinance Network, Islamabad
Author-Name: Sajjad Akhtar
Author-X-Name-First: Sajjad
Author-X-Name-Last:  Akhtar
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research on Poverty Reduction and Income Distribution, Islamabad
Title: Poverty Dynamics of Female-headed Households in Pakistan: Evidence from PIHS 2000-01 and PSLM 2004-05
Abstract: The paper attempts to empirically test a naďve version of what is rather
stylistically termed as “feminisation of poverty”, using the sub-sample of
female -headed households (FHHs) from two household surveys in Pakistan.
Although, the database is constrained by quality factors and small sample size,
the following findings add to the richness of current research in this area: (a)
The numerical incidence of poverty among households headed by females is less
than that for all households in the country, at the national, urban and rural level
for both the years. This can be traced to the finding that more than 70 percent of
households headed by females receive remittances, (b) The incidence of poverty
among FHHs during the period 2000-01 to 2004-05 did not decline as fast as it
did for mixed households, nationwide. In urban areas, it did not decline at all, (c)
Among the determinants of poverty of FHHs, illiteracy, dependency and rural
residence exacerbate poverty, while remittances domestic and/ or foreign reduce
poverty, (d) The dynamics of incidence of poverty among FHHs during the
period indicated that Illiteracy as the factor exacerbating poverty became less
important in 2004-05. Moreover, residence in rural areas was also a weaker
factor in determining the incidence of poverty. By far the most notable
contribution in reducing the incidence of poverty was self-employment in
agriculture in 2004-05.
Length: 24 pages
Creation-Date: 2011
File-URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-80.pdf
File-Format: Application/pdf
File-Function: First Version, 2011
Number: 2011:80
Classification-JEL: 
Keywords: 
Handle: RePEc:pid:wpaper:2011:80